A second phase, at a lower altitude, of data collection began 31 August 2012,Thrusters aboard each spacecraft were capable of producing 22 newtons (4.9 lbSpacecraft technicians close the payload fairing around GRAIL before launch. The GRAIL XM (Extended Mission) was chosen to map the gravity at the even closer mean altitude of 25 km for three months beginning in September 2012. MoonKAM was used to engage middle school students into learning about the Moon by analyzing images they requested to be taken by GRAIL MoonKAM (Ref. The distance between the spacecraft will … This suggests that the moon-rock samples brought back to Earth by the Apollo astronauts are characteristic of global rather than regional processes.GRAIL also found that the average thickness of the lunar crust is about 6 to 12 miles (10 to 20 km) thinner than previously thought — between 21 and 27 miles (34 and 43 km). The GRAIL MoonKAM will allow classrooms to request pictures of the lunar surface from cameras on the twin satellites and, similar to EarthKAM (on ISS), students will be able to analyze the images when they are posted to the GRAIL MoonKAM website. - The USO (Ultra-stable Oscillator) on both orbiters saw frequency shifts A small OTM (Orbit Trim Maneuver), the first and only prime mission maneuver using only the ACS thrusters, was executed near the end of Mapping Cycle 1. Mascons are regions of a planet or moon's crust that contain excess positive gravity anomalies, indicating the presence of extra mass in the region. Warm gas RCS, 3-axis stabilization Mechanisms and timing of deformation The winning students wrote: "We have been studying the Solar System and learning about the Sun, Planets, and the Moon. The remaining 2% represents fine details of subsurface structure not previously resolved. First, the design of the Trans-Lunar Cruise (TLC) mission phase allows for an extended launch window. The path also allowed a vital component of the spacecraft's single science instrument, the USO (Ultra Stable Oscillator), to be continuously powered for several months. An instrument aboard each spacecraft will measure the changes in their relative velocity very … Note: The gravity science data does not produce a large quantity of data, so the amount of science data collected can be downlinked with a data rate as low as 2 kbit/s for the entire mission duration. 1, 2012 – May 29, 2012 For ten weeks subsequent to a lunar eclipse passage on June 4, 2012, the orientation of the orbit plane relative to the Sun did not allow for operation of the LGRS payloads while in orbiter-point configuration because of the Sun-Moon-Earth geometry. These will be operated by middle school children to provide an early exposure to the challenges and processes used in spacecraft operations. The first part of this period lasting approximately one month is called the OPR (Orbit Period Reduction) phase. Structure of impact crates GRAIL completed its primary mission ahead of schedule. GRAIL's science phase began yesterday at 5:15 p.m. PST (8:15 p.m. EST). Engineering Objectives These are used for all of the spacecraft TCMs (Trajectory Correction Maneuvers), to perform RWA desaturations, and to provide control during the LOI maneuver. After this event the USO heater #2 was turned on and the MoonKAM was left off until Mapping Cycle #2 was complete to ensure minimum thermal disturbance to science data collection. The single 22 N main engine is aligned in the -X direction, providing thrust in the +X direction. • The TLC (Trans-Lunar Cruise) phase consists of a 4 month low-energy transfer via the Sun-Earth Lagrange point 1 (L1). 1) Lunar eclipse survival: Using the worst-case eclipse phasing data provided by the GRAIL mission design team, the spacecraft team collectively developed a baseline spacecraft configuration to use prior to and during the lunar eclipse. The origin of lunar mascons has been a mystery in planetary science since their discovery in 1968 by a team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, CA. These objectives will be accomplished by implementing the following lunar science investigations: Each spacecraft features a Ka-band LGRS of GRACE heritage to measure the intersatellite range rate. Ebb slammed into the ground about 30 seconds before Flow, which created its crater to the west and north of its twin.Not long after the pair's demise, their craters were named in honor of former astronaut and GRAIL team leader, Sally Ride, who passed away in July of 2012 while the mission was in progress. The GRAIL-B MoonKAM was turned on again on April 30. • Understand the moon's asymmetric thermal evolution • The student camera MoonKAM on Ebb acquired the first video imagery of the south pole far side of the moon (Figure The new map, created by the GRAIL mission, is allowing scientists to learn about the moon's internal structure and composition in unprecedented detail.
- On Feb. 7, 2012, TSM-A1 adjusted GRAIL-A’s orbit eccentricity and argument of periapsis so that no eccentricity correction maneuvers would be required in the science phase. • On January 17, 2012, the two spacecraft, GRAIL-A and GRAIL-B, were renamed to
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