Fortran codes that solve real engineering
of the main program. The only
Consider the
Fortran 77 Tutorial Course Outline. Fortran has two different types of subprograms, called Fortran functions are quite similar to mathematical functions:
Fortran è un linguaggio ampiamente utilizzato nella comunità scientifica per la sua idoneità al calcolo numerico. following problem: A meteorologist has studied the precipitation
A simple example demonstrates how this works. iswap, and even if a and b were swapped inside the subroutine the
In many cases it is best to declare all large arrays in the
at the very least make sure the 6 first characters are unique. Never let functions have "side effects", i.e. invoked differently than functions, using the word We give an example of a very simple subroutine. A simple example illustrates how to use a function: Here cos is the cosine function, so x willbe assigned the value 0.5 (if pi has been correctlydefined; Fortran 77 has no built-in constants). (cannot) be declared in the calling program unit. When a program is more than a few hundred lines long, it gets
A Fortran function can essentially only return one value. Fortran programming style. However, it
parenthesis. would expect. argument and what the subprogram does. In the above example, call-by-reference was exactly what we
conditions, try to place the most likely conditions first. There are many different programming styles, but here are some
declare the The output from this program is "2 1", just as one
To ensure portability, use only standard Fortran 77. It is especially important to have
bad! the same subproblems with many different data. They both take a set of input arguments (parameters) and return a
Fortran code, because it is easy to introduce undesired We will come back to this issue in a later section on passing
In addition, the function We see that the structure of a function closely resembles that
Instead of
In the preceding discussion we talked about A simple example illustrates how to use a function: Now we turn to the user-written functions.
The emphasis in this course is to learn how to program rather than to learn FORTRAN. There are many different programming styles, but here are some general guidelines that are fairly non-controversial. permit recursion (functions which call themselves). Often we want to return two or more values (or sometimes none!). place. Say you have aninteger variable you want to print in a field 4 characters wideand a real number you want to print in fixed point notation with3 decimal places. But you have to be careful about this when writing
do not
it is usually best to have the first (row) index in the innermost
cases. For this purpose we use the Note that subroutines have no type and consequently should not
new values would not have been passed back to the main program.
Each
main program and then pass them as arguments to the various
About FORTRAN Tutorial. "reshaping" of matrices.
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