Barnard designed the idea of the heterotopic (or "piggy back" transplant) in which the patient's diseased heart is left in place while the donor heart is added, essentially forming a "double heart". On this date in 1893, the first successful American open-heart surgery was performed by a Black surgeon, Dr. Daniel Hale Williams. This extraordinary event which pushed the boundaries of science into the dawn of a new medical epoch took place inside Charles Saint Theatre at Groote Schuur Hospital. The procedure was performed in Atlanta, Georgia in 1967, and the procedure was a success. Dr. Christiaan Bernard was the first person to perform a heart transplant on a human heart. The survival rate for patients at one year was over 60%, as compared to less than 40% with standard transplants, and the survival rate at five years was over 36% as compared to less than 20% with standard transplants.Many surgeons gave up cardiac transplantation due to poor results, often due to Barnard was an outspoken opponent of South Africa's laws of apartheid, and was not afraid to criticise his nation's government, although he had to temper his remarks to some extent to travel abroad.Shortly before his visit to Kenya in 1978, the following was written about his views regarding race relations in South Africa; Dr. Williams completed the operation on a young man named James Cornish. After regaining consciousness he was able to talk and on occasion, to walk but his condition deteriorated and died of pneumonia eighteen days after the heart transplant. Williams was born in 1858 in Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania, the fifth of seven children. He asked Groote Schuur Head of Medicine John Brock if he might recommend any similarly talented South Africans and Brock recommended Barnard.Upon returning to South Africa in 1958, Barnard was appointed head of the Department of Experimental Surgery at Groote Schuur hospital, as well as holding a joint post at the University of Cape Town.Barnard had experimentally transplanted forty-eight hearts into dogs, which was about a fifth the number that With the availability of new breakthroughs introduced by several pioneers, also including Barnard performed the world's first human-to-human heart transplant operation in the early morning hours of Sunday 3 December 1967.Barnard stated to Washkansky and his wife Ann Washkansky that the transplant had an 80% chance of success.Barnard later wrote, "For a dying man it is not a difficult decision because he knows he is at the end. Jannie Louw used this innovation in a clinical setting, and Barnard's method saved the lives of ten babies in Cape Town. Thy blood of oldest strain. This was to be both men’s first heart transplant, and the very first in the immediate Washington area. The operation started shortly after midnight on a Saturday night and was completed the next morning just before 6 a.m. when the new heart in the chest of Louis Washkansky was electrically shocked into action.
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